Diamond nitrogen vacancy sensor with nitrogen-vacancy center diamond located between dual RF sources

ABSTRACT

A magnetic field sensor assembly includes a first radio frequency (RF) element; a second RF element; an RF feed cable operably connected to the first RF element and the second RF element that provides an RF signal to the first RF element and the second RF element; and a magneto-optical defect center material located between the first RF element and the second RF element. The first RF element and the second RF element generate a microwave signal that is uniform over the magneto-optical defect center material. The magneto-optical defect center material may be a nitrogen-vacancy center diamond.

FIELD BACKGROUND

The present invention relates generally to a sensor assembly of a magnetic sensor.

Magnetic sensors based on a nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond are known. Diamond NV (DNV) sensors may provide good sensitivity for magnetic field measurements. Such magnetic sensor systems often include components such an optical excitation source, an RF excitation source, and optical detectors. These components are all formed on different substrates or as separate components mechanically supported together.

SUMMARY

Systems and apparatuses are described that use dual radio frequency elements for providing a uniform magnetic field over an NV diamond. In one implementation, a magnetic field sensor assembly includes a first radio frequency (RF) element and a second RF element. An RF feed cable is connected to both the first and second RF elements and provides an RF signal to the first and second RF elements. A nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center diamond is located between the first RF element and the second RF element. The first RF element and the second RF element generate a microwave signal that is uniform over the NV center diamond.

In another implementation, a magnetic field sensor assembly includes a first radio frequency (RF) element and a second RF element. A first RF feed cable is connected to first RF element and provides a first RF signal to the first RF element. A second RF feed cable is connected to the second RF element and provides a second RF signal to the second RF element. A nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center diamond located between the first RF element and the second RF element. The first RF element and the second RF element generate a microwave signal that is uniform over the NV center diamond.

In other implementations, a housing includes the NV diamond, the first RF element, and the second RF element. In some implementations, a housing rotational adjustment adjusts a rotation of the NV center diamond relative to a light source. In some implementations, a housing position adjustment adjusts a position of the NV center diamond relative to a light source. In other implementations, the magnetic field sensor assembly includes both the housing rotational adjustment and the housing position adjustment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other features of the present disclosure will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only several implementations in accordance with the disclosure and are, therefore, not to be considered limiting of its scope, the disclosure will be described with additional specificity and detail through use of the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 illustrates one orientation of an NV center in a diamond lattice.

FIG. 2 is an energy level diagram illustrates energy levels of spin states for the NV center.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustrating an NV center magnetic sensor system.

FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the fluorescence as a function of applied RF frequency of an NV center along a given direction for a zero magnetic field and a non-zero magnetic field.

FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the fluorescence as a function of applied RF frequency for four different NV center orientations for a non-zero magnetic field.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustrating an NV center magnetic sensor system in accordance with some illustrative implementations.

FIG. 7. is a schematic illustrating a portion of a DNV sensor with a dual RF arrangement in accordance with some illustrative implementations.

FIG. 8 is a view of an enclosed DNV sensor with a dual RF arrangement in accordance with some illustrative implementations.

FIGS. 9A and 9B are schematics of an assembly portion of a DNV sensor with a dual RF arrangement in accordance with some illustrative implementations.

FIG. 10 is a cross-section of a portion of a DNV sensor with a dual RF arrangement in accordance with some illustrative implementations.

FIG. 11 is a schematic illustrating a DNV sensor with a dual RF arrangement in accordance with some illustrative implementations.

FIG. 12 is a cross-section of a DNV sensor with a dual RF arrangement in accordance with some illustrative implementations.

FIG. 13 is a schematic illustrating a DNV sensor with a dual RF arrangement and laser mounting in accordance with some illustrative implementations.

FIG. 14 is a cross-section of a DNV sensor with a dual RF arrangement and laser mounting in accordance with some illustrative implementations.

FIGS. 15A and 15B are schematics of an assembly portion of a DNV sensor with a dual RF arrangement in accordance with some illustrative implementations.

FIGS. 16A and 16B are schematics of an assembly portion of a DNV sensor with a dual RF arrangement in accordance with some illustrative implementations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers are defects in a diamond's crystal structure. Synthetic diamonds can be created that have these NV centers. NV centers generate red light when excited by a light source, such as a green light source, and microwave radiation. When an excited NV center diamond is exposed to an external magnetic field the frequency of the microwave radiation at which the diamond generates red light and the intensity of the light change. By measuring this change and comparing the change to the microwave frequency that the diamond generates red light at when not in the presence of the external magnetic field, the external magnetic field strength can be determined. Accordingly, NV centers can be used as part of a magnetic field sensor.

In various implementations, microwave RF excitation is needed in a DNV sensor. The more uniform the microwave signal is across the NV centers in the diamond the better and more accurate an NV sensor will perform. Uniformity, however, can be difficult to achieve. Also, the larger the bandwidth of the element, the better the NV sensor will perform. Large bandwidth, such as octave bandwidth, however, can be difficult to achieve. Various NV sensors respond to a microwave frequency that is not easily generated by RF antenna elements that are comparable to the small size of the NV sensor. In addition, RF elements should reduce the amount of light within the sensor that is blocked by the RF elements. When a single RF element is used, the RF element is offset from the NV diamond when the RF element maximized the faces and edges of the diamond that light can enter or leave. Moving the RF element away from the NV diamond, however, impacts the uniformity of strength of the RF that is applied to the NV diamond.

The present inventors have realized that the DNV magnetic sensors with dual RF elements described herein provides a number of advantages over magnetic sensor systems where a single RF element is used. As described in greater detail below, using a two RF element arrangement in a DNV sensor can allow greater access to the edges and faces of the diamond for light input and egress, while still exciting the NV centers with a uniform RF field. In various implementations, each of the two microwave RF elements is contained on a circuit board. The RF elements can include multiple stacked spiral antenna coils. These stacked coils can occupy a small footprint and can provide the needed microwave RF field in such that the RF field is uniform over the NV diamond.

In addition, based upon the spacing and size of the RF elements, all edges and faces of the diamond can be used for light input and egress. The more light captured by photo-sensing elements of a DNV sensor results in an increased efficiency of the sensor. Various implementations use the dual RF elements to increase the amount of light collected by the DNV sensor. The dual RF elements can be fed by a single RF feed or by two separate RF feeds. If there are two RF feeds, the feeds can be individual controlled creating a mini-phased array antenna effect, which be enhance the operation of the DNV sensor.

NV Center, its Electronic Structure, and Optical and RF Interaction

The nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond comprises a substitutional nitrogen atom in a lattice site adjacent a carbon vacancy as shown in FIG. 1. The NV center may have four orientations, each corresponding to a different crystallographic orientation of the diamond lattice.

The NV center may exist in a neutral charge state or a negative charge state. Conventionally, the neutral charge state uses the nomenclature NV⁰, while the negative charge state uses the nomenclature NV, which is adopted in this description.

The NV center has a number of electrons including three unpaired electrons, each one from the vacancy to a respective of the three carbon atoms adjacent to the vacancy, and a pair of electrons between the nitrogen and the vacancy. The NV center, which is in the negatively charged state, also includes an extra electron.

The NV center has rotational symmetry, and as shown in FIG. 2, has a ground state, which is a spin triplet with ³A₂ symmetry with one spin state m_(s)=0, and two further spin states m_(s)=+1, and m_(s)=−1. In the absence of an external magnetic field, the m_(s)=±1 energy levels are offset from the m_(s)=0 due to spin-spin interactions, and the m_(s)=±1 energy levels are degenerate, i.e., they have the same energy. The m_(s)=0 spin state energy level is split from the m_(s)=±1 energy levels by an energy of 2.87 GHz for a zero external magnetic field.

Introducing an external magnetic field with a component along the NV axis lifts the degeneracy of the m_(s)=±1 energy levels, splitting the energy levels m_(s)=±1 by an amount 2gμ_(B)Bz, where g is the g-factor, μ_(B) is the Bohr magneton, and Bz is the component of the external magnetic field along the NV axis. This relationship is correct for a first order and inclusion of higher order corrections is a straight forward matter and will not affect the computational and logic steps in the systems and methods described below.

The NV center electronic structure further includes an excited triplet state ³E with corresponding m_(s)=0 and m_(s)=±1 spin states. The optical transitions between the ground state ³A₂ and the excited triplet ³E are predominantly spin conserving, meaning that the optical transitions are between initial and final states which have the same spin. For a direct transition between the excited triplet ³E and the ground state ³A₂, a photon of red light is emitted with a photon energy corresponding to the energy difference between the energy levels of the transitions.

There is, however, an alternate non-radiative decay route from the triplet ³E to the ground state ³A₂ via intermediate electron states, which are thought to be intermediate singlet states A, E with intermediate energy levels. Significantly, the transition rate from the m_(s)=±1 spin states of the excited triplet ³E to the intermediate energy levels is significantly greater than the transition rate from the m_(s)=0 spin state of the excited triplet ³E to the intermediate energy levels. The transition from the singlet states A, E to the ground state triplet ³A₂ predominantly decays to the m_(s)=0 spin state over the m_(s)=±1 spin states. These features of the decay from the excited triplet ³E state via the intermediate singlet states A, E to the ground state triplet ³A₂ allows that if optical excitation is provided to the system, the optical excitation will eventually pump the NV center into the m_(s)=0 spin state of the ground state ³A₂. In this way, the population of the m_(s)=0 spin state of the ground state ³A₂ may be “reset” to a maximum polarization determined by the decay rates from the triplet ³E to the intermediate singlet states.

Another feature of the decay is that the fluorescence intensity due to optically stimulating the excited triplet ³E state is less for the m_(s)=±1 states than for the m_(s)=0 spin state. This is so because the decay via the intermediate states does not result in a photon emitted in the fluorescence band, and because of the greater probability that the m_(s)=±1 states of the excited triplet ³E state will decay via the non-radiative decay path. The lower fluorescence intensity for the m_(s)=±1 states than for the m_(s)=0 spin state allows the fluorescence intensity to be used to determine the spin state. As the population of the m_(s)=±1 states increases relative to the m_(s)=0 spin, the overall fluorescence intensity will be reduced.

NV Center, or Magneto-Optical Defect Center, Magnetic Sensor System

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustrating a NV center magnetic sensor system 300 which uses fluorescence intensity to distinguish the m_(s)=±1 states, and to measure the magnetic field based on the energy difference between the m_(s)=+1 state and the m_(s)=−1 state. The system 300 includes an optical excitation source 310, which directs optical excitation to an NV diamond material 320 with NV centers. The system 300 further includes an RF excitation source 330 which provides RF radiation to the NV diamond material 320. Light from the NV diamond may be directed through an optical filter 350 to an optical detector 340.

The RF excitation source 330 may be a microwave coil, for example. The RF excitation source 330 when emitting RF radiation with a photon energy resonant with the transition energy between ground m_(s)=0 spin state and the m_(s)=+1 spin state excites a transition between those spin states. For such a resonance, the spin state cycles between ground m_(s)=0 spin state and the m_(s)=+1 spin state, reducing the population in the m_(s)=0 spin state and reducing the overall fluorescence at resonance. Similarly resonance occurs between the m_(s)=0 spin state and the m_(s)=−1 spin state of the ground state when the photon energy of the RF radiation emitted by the RF excitation source is the difference in energies of the m_(s)=0 spin state and the m_(s)=−1 spin state. At resonance between the m_(s)=0 spin state and the m_(s)=−1 spin state, or between the m_(s)=0 spin state and the m_(s)=+1 spin state, there is a decrease in the fluorescence intensity.

The optical excitation source 310 may be a laser or a light emitting diode, for example, which emits light in the green, for example. The optical excitation source 310 induces fluorescence in the red, which corresponds to an electronic transition from the excited state to the ground state. Light from the NV diamond material 320 is directed through the optical filter 350 to filter out light in the excitation band (in the green for example), and to pass light in the red fluorescence band, which in turn is detected by the detector 340. The optical excitation light source 310, in addition to exciting fluorescence in the diamond material 320, also serves to reset the population of the m_(s)=0 spin state of the ground state ³A₂ to a maximum polarization, or other desired polarization.

For continuous wave excitation, the optical excitation source 310 continuously pumps the NV centers, and the RF excitation source 330 sweeps across a frequency range which includes the zero splitting (when the m_(s)=±1 spin states have the same energy) photon energy of 2.87 GHz. The fluorescence for an RF sweep corresponding to a diamond material 320 with NV centers aligned along a single direction is shown in FIG. 4 for different magnetic field components Bz along the NV axis, where the energy splitting between the m_(s)=−1 spin state and the m_(s)=+1 spin state increases with Bz. Thus, the component Bz may be determined. Optical excitation schemes other than continuous wave excitation are contemplated, such as excitation schemes involving pulsed optical excitation, and pulsed RF excitation. Examples, of pulsed excitation schemes include Ramsey pulse sequence, and spin echo pulse sequence.

In general, the diamond material 320 will have NV centers aligned along directions of four different orientation classes. FIG. 5 illustrates fluorescence as a function of RF frequency for the case where the diamond material 320 has NV centers aligned along directions of four different orientation classes. In this case, the component Bz along each of the different orientations may be determined. These results along with the known orientation of crystallographic planes of a diamond lattice allows not only the magnitude of the external magnetic field to be determined, but also the direction of the magnetic field.

While FIG. 3 illustrates an NV center magnetic sensor system 300 with NV diamond material 320 with a plurality of NV centers, in general the magnetic sensor system may instead employ a different magneto-optical defect center material, with a plurality of magneto-optical defect centers. The electronic spin state energies of the magneto-optical defect centers shift with magnetic field, and the optical response, such as fluorescence, for the different spin states is not the same for all of the different spin states. In this way, the magnetic field may be determined based on optical excitation, and possibly RF excitation, in a corresponding way to that described above with NV diamond material.

FIG. 6 is a schematic of an NV center magnetic sensor 600, according to an embodiment of the invention. The sensor 600 includes an optical excitation source 610, which directs optical excitation to an NV diamond material 620 with NV centers, or another magneto-optical defect center material with magneto-optical defect centers. An RF excitation source 630 provides RF radiation to the NV diamond material 620. The NV center magnetic sensor 600 may include a bias magnet 670 applying a bias magnetic field to the NV diamond material 620. Light from the NV diamond material 620 may be directed through an optical filter 650 and an electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter 660, which suppresses conducted interference, to an optical detector 640. The sensor 600 further includes a controller 680 arranged to receive a light detection signal from the optical detector 640 and to control the optical excitation source 610 and the RF excitation source 630.

The RF excitation source 630 may be a microwave coil, for example. The RF excitation source 630 is controlled to emit RF radiation with a photon energy resonant with the transition energy between the ground m_(s)=0 spin state and the m_(s)=±1 spin states as discussed above with respect to FIG. 3.

The optical excitation source 610 may be a laser or a light emitting diode, for example, which emits light in the green, for example. The optical excitation source 610 induces fluorescence in the red, which corresponds to an electronic transition from the excited state to the ground state. Light from the NV diamond material 620 is directed through the optical filter 650 to filter out light in the excitation band (in the green for example), and to pass light in the red fluorescence band, which in turn is detected by the optical detector 640. The EMI filter 660 is arranged between the optical filter 650 and the optical detector 640 and suppresses conducted interference. The optical excitation light source 610, in addition to exciting fluorescence in the NV diamond material 620, also serves to reset the population of the m_(s)=0 spin state of the ground state ³A₂ to a maximum polarization, or other desired polarization.

The controller 680 is arranged to receive a light detection signal from the optical detector 640 and to control the optical excitation source 610 and the RF excitation source 630. The controller may include a processor 682 and a memory 684, in order to control the operation of the optical excitation source 610 and the RF excitation source 630. The memory 684, which may include a nontransitory computer readable medium, may store instructions to allow the operation of the optical excitation source 610 and the RF excitation source 630 to be controlled.

According to one embodiment of operation, the controller 680 controls the operation such that the optical excitation source 610 continuously pumps the NV centers of the NV diamond material 620. The RF excitation source 630 is controlled to continuously sweep across a frequency range which includes the zero splitting (when the m_(s)=±1 spin states have the same energy) photon energy of 2.87 GHz. When the photon energy of the RF radiation emitted by the RF excitation source 630 is the difference in energies of the m_(s)=0 spin state and the m_(s)=−1 or m_(s)=+1 spin state, the overall fluorescence intensity is reduced at resonance, as discussed above with respect to FIG. 3. In this case, there is a decrease in the fluorescence intensity when the RF energy resonates with an energy difference of the m_(s)=0 spin state and the m_(s)=−1 or m_(s)=+1 spin states. In this way the component of the magnetic field Bz along the NV axis may be determined by the difference in energies between the m_(s)=−1 and the m_(s)=+1 spin states.

As noted above, the diamond material 620 will have NV centers aligned along directions of four different orientation classes, and the component Bz along each of the different orientations may be determined based on the difference in energy between the m_(s)=−1 and the m_(s)=+1 spin states for the respective orientation classes. In certain cases, however, it may be difficult to determine which energy splitting corresponds to which orientation class, due to overlap of the energies, etc. The bias magnet 670 provides a magnetic field, which is preferably uniform on the NV diamond material 620, to separate the energies for the different orientation classes, so that they may be more easily identified.

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustrating a portion of a DNV sensor 700 with a dual RF arrangement in accordance with some illustrative implementations. The magnetic sensor shown in FIG. 6 used a single RF excitation source 630. The DNV sensor 700 illustrated in FIG. 7 uses two separate RF elements. A top RF element 704 and a bottom RF element 708 are used to provide the microwave RF to the diamond 720. As shown in FIG. 7, the diamond 720 is sandwiched between the two RF elements 704 and 708. A space 706 can be used between the RF elements 704 and 708 to all light ingress or egress. In addition light can enter or leave the sensor via spaces 702 and/or 710. Accordingly, light can be shown onto the diamond 720 from various positions and photo-sensors, such as photodiodes, can be used in various locations to collect the red light that exits the diamond 720.

FIG. 8 is a view of an enclosed DNV sensor with a dual RF arrangement in accordance with some illustrative implementations. In this implementation, the RF elements are located on two circuit boards 812. The diamond, not shown in FIG. 8 but shown as 1020 in FIG. 10, is located between the circuit boards 812. The RF element can include one or more spiral elements with n number of loops. For example, each RF element can include a single spiral with 2, 3, 4, etc., loops. In other implementations, the RF element can include multiple spirals, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, etc., that are stack on top of one another. In these implementations, the number of loops in each spiral can be the same or can be different. For example, in one implementation, each RF element contains five spirals each having four loops. These elements can be made using fusion bonded multilayer dielectrics.

A spacer 814 separates the individual circuit boards. The sensor assembly also includes retaining rings 808 and a plastic mounting plate 816. The illustrated sensor assembly is contained with a lens tube 804 such as a 1 inch ID lens tube. The sensor assembly also contains a direct-current connector 806 that can be used to provide power to the sensor assembly. The assembly also includes a photo sensor 840.

In this illustrated implementation, the RF elements are fed from a RF feed cable 802, that can be a coaxial cable. The RF feed cable 802 attaches to the assembly via an RF connector 810. In other implementations, a second RF feed cable can be used. In this implementation, each RF element is fed using a separate RF signal.

FIGS. 9A and 9B are schematics of an assembly portion of a DNV sensor with a dual RF arrangement in accordance with some illustrative implementations. The illustrated assembly portion can be used in the implementation illustrated in FIG. 8. FIG. 9A illustrates one side of the assembly. This side includes an ingress portion 902 that allows light to reach the diamond that is between the RF elements. In this implementation, the ingress portion is in the center of the assembly. In other implementations, the ingress portion can be located between the RF elements along the diameter of the assembly.

FIG. 9B illustrates the opposite side of the assembly shown in FIG. 9A. The circuit board elements that contain the RF elements 914 are shown along with the spacer 912 that separates the RF elements. A RF connector 910 is shown that provides the RF source signal to the RF elements. A photo sensor 940 is also shown in the middle of the assembly. Underneath the photo sensor is an egress portion. As light is shined through the ingress portion 902, the light will pass through the diamond, not shown, that is contained within the assembly between the two RF elements. The light will pass through the diamond and exit the opposite side of the assembly and reach the photo sensor 940. The photo sensor can then measure property of the light, such as the light's wavelength.

FIG. 10 is a cross-section of a portion of a DNV sensor with a dual RF arrangement in accordance with some illustrative implementations. The portion of the DNV sensor is the same as the portion of the assembly illustrated in FIGS. 9A and 9B and can be used in the DNV sensor illustrated in FIG. 8. The cross section of the sensor assembly is done as illustrated on the portion of the assembly 1030. The diamond 1020 is now visible as located between a top RF element 1004 and a bottom RF element 1008. A spacer 1010 separates the RF elements 1004 and 1008. The ingress portion of the assembly is shown directly above the diamond 1020. Light can enter the assembly through this ingress portion and pass through the diamond 1020. The light that exits the diamond can pass through the egress portion of the assembly and reach the photo sensor 1040. Additional egress portions through the space can also be used. Thus, light can be collected from the face of the diamond and/or through the edges of the diamond.

As noted above, the RF elements can be fed by separate RF feeds and light can be collected from various faces and/or edges of the diamond. FIG. 11 is a schematic illustrating a DNV sensor with a dual RF arrangement in accordance with some illustrative implementations. The DNV sensor includes a light source and focusing lens assembly 1102. The light source can various light sources such as a laser or LED. In FIG. 11, the light source is an LED. A heatsink 1108 is used to bleed away the heat from the light source. The DNV assembly is housed in an element structure 1106 and described in greater detail below. In the illustrated implementation, the element structure 1106 is fixed within the sensor. As this implementation includes separate RF feeds, two RF cables 1104 are provided to the DNV assembly. The RF signal provided to the RF elements can therefore be the same or the feed signals can be different. In some implementations, the RF signals are different based upon the configuration of the elements of the NV diamond assembly. For example, if one RF element is slightly further from the NV diamond compared to the other RF element, different RF signals can be used to take into account the differences in distances.

FIG. 12 is a cross-section of a DNV sensor of FIG. 11 with a dual RF arrangement in accordance with some illustrative implementations. Accordingly, the DNV sensor includes a light source heatsink 1206. In addition, elements within the light source and focusing lens assembly and element structure can be seen. The light source and focusing lens assembly includes an LED 1202 and one or more focusing lenses 1204. Light from the LED 1202 is focused, using the one or more focusing lenses 1204, onto an NV diamond 1220. In this implementation, light enters an edge of the NV diamond 1220 and is ejected from one or more faces on the NV diamond 1220. In FIG. 12, light is ejected from both the top and bottom faces of the NV diamond 1220. Accordingly, there are two photo-sensor assemblies 1240 and 1242 located above and below the NV diamond. These photo-sensor assemblies 1240 and 1242 can include photodiodes that detect the light that is ejected from the NV diamond 1220.

The NV diamond is located between two RF elements 1230 and 1232. These RF elements provide a microwave RF signal uniformly across the NV diamond. Light is ejected through the top and bottom face of the NV diamond 1220 and travels to one of the photo-sensor assemblies 1240 and 1242. Between the photo-sensor assemblies 1240 and 1242 there are attenuators 1234. The attenuators reduce or eliminate the RF generated by the RF elements to avoid interference with other elements of the sensor. Ejected travels through a light pipe 1236 that is between each photo-sensor assembly and the NV diamond. In various implementations, at least a portion of the light pipe is located within the attenuators. Such a configuration allows the photo-sensing array to be positioned closer to the NV diamond and remain unaffected by the EMI of the sensor. Further description of the benefits of housing a portion of the light pipe within an attenuator is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/003,281, entitled “Magnetometer with Light Pipe,” filed on the same day as this application, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/003,281 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,817,081 on Nov. 14, 2017.

FIG. 13 is a schematic illustrating a DNV sensor with a dual RF arrangement and laser mounting in accordance with some illustrative implementations. In the illustrated implementation, the light source has been changed to a laser (see laser 1402 in FIG. 14) which is included in a laser and focusing lens assembly 1302 (see lens 1404 in FIG. 14). In the illustrated implementation, the NV diamond is housed in an adjustable structure. A rotatable adjustment assembly 1304 allows the NV diamond to be rotated. An x-y-z adjustment assembly 1306 allows the NV diamond and various elements to be positioned in 3D space. As the NV diamond's position can be changed, there is an x-y adjustment assembly 1304 that is used to adjust the ingress of light into the NV diamond assembly.

FIG. 14 is a cross-section of a DNV sensor illustrated in FIG. 13 with a dual RF arrangement and laser mounting in accordance with some illustrative implementations. An NV diamond 1420 is located between two RF elements 1432. Light pipes 1430 provide a path for light that exits the faces of the NV diamond 1420 to travel from the NV diamond to one of two photo-sensing assemblies 1440. In various implementations, at least a portion of each light pipe 1430 is housed with an attenuator 1434. In other implementations, the DNV sensor does not contain the attenuators 1434. The rotatable adjustment assembly allows the NV diamond and related elements such as the RF elements to be rotated within the NV diamond assembly. This can allow the light ingress portion of the diamond to be altered as well as altering where light exiting the NV diamond 1420 is collected. For example, the NV diamond can be rotated to allow light to enter the diamond at an edge or at a face.

The x-y-z adjustment assembly allows the position of the NV diamond and related elements within the NV diamond assembly to be changed. This assembly allows for the control of where the light will enter the NV diamond as well as where the ejected light will be collected. The x-y adjustment assembly allows the light source to also be moved such that the light can enter the NV diamond assembly regardless of the rotation and position of the NV diamond within the NV diamond assembly.

FIGS. 15A and 15B are schematics of an assembly portion of a DNV sensor with a dual RF arrangement in accordance with some illustrative implementations, FIG. 15A illustrates one side of the assembly portion of the DNV sensor and FIG. 15B illustrates the opposite side of the assembly. In the illustrated implementation, there are two light egress portions 1508 and 1510. These portions allow ejected light to leave the assembly and be detected by photo element. The assembly includes two RF elements, a top RF element 1504 and a bottom RF portion 1506. These RF elements can be fed using the same RF signal or can be fed separate RF signals via the RF connector 1502 and RF connector 1512. The NV diamond is not shown, but is located between the RF elements 1504 and 1506. Light from the light source enters the diamond via a space between the RF elements 1504 and 1506. Light is ejected from the NV diamond via either light egress portion 1508 and 1510.

FIGS. 16A and 16B are schematics of an assembly portion of a DNV sensor with a dual RF arrangement in accordance with some illustrative implementations. FIGS. 16A and 16B further illustrate the assembly portion of the DNV sensor illustrated in FIGS. 15A and 15B. The NV diamond 1620 is now shown located within a spacer or a diamond alignment plate, such as a plastic diamond alignment plate. In the illustrated implementation, light enters between the RF elements. For example, light can enter the diamond via the light ingress portion 1610 of the assembly. The RF elements 1602 and 1604 are shown in FIG. 16A along with the RF feed cable connectors 1606 and 1608.

The foregoing description is provided to enable a person skilled in the art to practice the various configurations described herein. While the subject technology has been particularly described with reference to the various figures and configurations, it should be understood that these are for illustration purposes only and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the subject technology. In some aspects, the subject technology may be used in various markets, including for example and without limitation, advanced sensors and mobile space platforms.

There may be many other ways to implement the subject technology. Various functions and elements described herein may be partitioned differently from those shown without departing from the scope of the subject technology. Various modifications to these embodiments may be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments. Thus, many changes and modifications may be made to the subject technology, by one having ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the scope of the subject technology.

Phrases such as an aspect, the aspect, another aspect, some aspects, one or more aspects, an implementation, the implementation, another implementation, some implementations, one or more implementations, an embodiment, the embodiment, another embodiment, some embodiments, one or more embodiments, a configuration, the configuration, another configuration, some configurations, one or more configurations, the subject technology, the disclosure, the present disclosure, other variations thereof and alike are for convenience and do not imply that a disclosure relating to such phrase(s) is essential to the subject technology or that such disclosure applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to such phrase(s) may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. A disclosure relating to such phrase(s) may provide one or more examples. A phrase such as an aspect or some aspects may refer to one or more aspects and vice versa, and this applies similarly to other foregoing phrases

A reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically stated, but rather “one or more.” The term “some” refers to one or more. Underlined and/or italicized headings and subheadings are used for convenience only, do not limit the subject technology, and are not referred to in connection with the interpretation of the description of the subject technology. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various embodiments described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and intended to be encompassed by the subject technology. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the above description. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A magnetic field sensor assembly comprising: a first radio frequency (RF) element; a second RF element; an RF feed cable operably connected to the first RF element and the second RF element that provides an RF signal to the first RF element and the second RF element; a magneto-optical defect center material located between the first RF element and the second RF element, wherein the first RF element and the second RF element generate a microwave signal that is uniform over the magneto-optical defect center material; a first circuit board that includes the first RF element, wherein the first circuit board comprises a light ingress portion that allows light to travel through the first circuit board including the first RF element via the light ingress portion; and a second circuit board that includes the second RF element, wherein the second circuit board comprises a light egress portion that allows light to travel through the second circuit board including the second RF element via the light egress portion.
 2. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 1, further comprising a spacer between the first RF element and the second RF element that separates the first RF element and the second RF element.
 3. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 2, further comprising a light ingress portion within the spacer that allows light to travel through the spacer to the magneto-optical defect center material.
 4. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 1, further comprising a photo sensor that receives the light that egresses from the light egress portion.
 5. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 1, wherein the magneto-optical defect center material comprises a nitrogen-vacancy center diamond.
 6. A magnetic field sensor assembly comprising: a first radio frequency (RF) element; a second RF element; an RF feed cable operably connected to the first RF element and the second RF element that provides an RF signal to the first RF element and the second RF element; a magneto-optical defect center material located between the first RF element and the second RF element, wherein the first RF element and the second RF element generate a microwave signal that is uniform over the magneto-optical defect center material; a first circuit board that includes the first RF element, wherein the first circuit board comprises a first light egress portion that allows light to travel through the first circuit board including the first RF element via the first light egress portion; and a second circuit board that includes the second RF element, wherein the second circuit board comprises a second light egress portion that allows light to travel through the second circuit board including the second RF element via the second light egress portion.
 7. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 6, further comprising: a first photo sensing assembly that receives light from the magneto-optical defect center material via the first light egress portion; and a second photo sensing assembly that receives light from the magneto-optical defect center material via the second light egress portion.
 8. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 6, wherein the magneto-optical defect center material comprises a nitrogen-vacancy center diamond.
 9. A magnetic field sensor assembly comprising: a first radio frequency (RF) element; a second RF element; a first RF feed cable operably connected to the first RF element that provides a first RF signal to the first RF element; a second RF feed cable operably connected to the second RF element that provides a second RF signal to the second RF element; a magneto-optical defect center material located between the first RF element and the second RF element, wherein the first RF element and the second RF element generate a microwave signal that is uniform over the magneto-optical defect center material; and a first circuit board that includes the first RF element, wherein the first circuit board comprises a light ingress portion that allows light to travel through the first circuit board including the first RF element via the light ingress portion; and a second circuit board that includes the second RF element, wherein the second circuit board comprises a light egress portion that allows light to travel through the second circuit board including the second RF element via the light egress portion.
 10. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 9, wherein the first RF signal is the same as the second RF signal.
 11. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 9, wherein the first RF signal is different from the second RF signal.
 12. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 9, further comprising a spacer between the first RF element and the second RF element that separates the first RF element and the second RF element.
 13. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 12, further comprising a light ingress portion within the spacer that allows light to travel through the spacer to the magneto-optical defect center material.
 14. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 13, wherein the first circuit board further comprises a first light egress portion that allows light to travel through the first circuit board including the first RF element via the first light egress portion.
 15. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 14, further comprising: a first photo sensing assembly that receives light from the magneto-optical defect center material via the first light egress portion; and a second photo sensing assembly that receives light from the magneto-optical defect center material via a second light egress portion.
 16. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 9, further comprising a photo sensor that receives the light that egresses from the light egress portion.
 17. A magnetic field sensor assembly comprising: a first radio frequency (RF) element; a second RF element; an RF feed cable operably connected to the first RF element and the second RF element that provides an RF signal to the first RF element and the second RF element; a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center diamond located between the first RF element and the second RF element, wherein the first RF element and the second RF element generate a microwave signal that is uniform over the NV center diamond; a housing that houses the NV center diamond, the first RF element, and the second RF element; and a housing position adjustment that adjusts a position of the NV center diamond relative to a light source; and a first circuit board that includes the first RF element, wherein the first circuit board comprises a light ingress portion that allows light to travel through the first circuit board including the first RF element via the light ingress portion; and a second circuit board that includes the second RF element, wherein the second circuit board comprises a light egress portion that allows light to travel through the second circuit board including the second RF element via the light egress portion.
 18. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 17, further comprising a spacer between the first RF element and the second RF element that separates the first RF element and the second RF element.
 19. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 18, further comprising a light ingress portion within the spacer that allows light to travel through the spacer to the NV center diamond.
 20. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 19, wherein the first circuit board further comprises a first light egress portion that allows light to travel through the first circuit board including the first RF element via the first light egress portion.
 21. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 20, further comprising: a first photo sensing assembly that receives light from the NV center diamond via the first light egress portion; and a second photo sensing assembly that receives light from the NV center diamond via a second light egress portion.
 22. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 17, further comprising a photo sensor that receives the light that egresses from the light egress portion.
 23. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 17, further comprising a spacer between the first RF element and the second RF element that separates the first RF element and the second RF element.
 24. A magnetic field sensor assembly comprising: a first radio frequency (RF) element; a second RF element; an RF feed cable operably connected to the first RF element and the second RF element that provides an RF signal to the first RF element and the second RF element; a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center diamond located between the first RF element and the second RF element, wherein the first RF element and the second RF element generate a microwave signal that is uniform over the NV center diamond; a housing that houses the NV center diamond, the first RF element, and the second RF element; and a housing rotational adjustment that adjusts a rotation of the NV center diamond relative to a light source; a first circuit board that includes the first RF element, wherein the first circuit board comprises a light ingress portion that allows light to travel through the first circuit board including the first RF element via the light ingress portion; and a second circuit board that includes the second RF element, wherein the second circuit board comprises a light egress portion that allows light to travel through the second circuit board including the second RF element via the light egress portion.
 25. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 24, further comprising a spacer between the first RF element and the second RF element that separates the first RF element and the second RF element.
 26. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 25, further comprising a light ingress portion within the spacer that allows light to travel through the spacer to the NV center diamond.
 27. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 26, wherein the first circuit board further comprises a first light egress portion that allows light to travel through the first circuit board including the first RF element via the first light egress portion.
 28. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 27, further comprising: a first photo sensing assembly that receives light from the NV center diamond via the first light egress portion; and a second photo sensing assembly that receives light from the NV center diamond via a second light egress portion.
 29. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 24, further comprising a photo sensor that receives the light that egresses from the light egress portion.
 30. A magnetic field sensor assembly comprising: a first radio frequency (RF) element; a second RF element; a first RF feed cable operably connected to the first RF element that provides a first RF signal to the first RF element; a second RF feed cable operably connected to the second RF element that provides a second RF signal to the second RF element; a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center diamond located between the first RF element and the second RF element, wherein the first RF element and the second RF element generate a microwave signal that is uniform over the NV center diamond; a housing that houses the NV center diamond, the first RF element, and the second RF element; and a housing position adjustment that adjusts a position of the NV center diamond relative to a light source; a first circuit board that includes the first RF element, wherein the first circuit board comprises a light ingress portion that allows light to travel through the first circuit board including the first RF element via the light ingress portion; and a second circuit board that includes the second RF element, wherein the second circuit board comprises a light egress portion that allows light to travel through the second circuit board including the second RF element via the light egress portion.
 31. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 30, wherein the first RF signal is the same as the second RF signal.
 32. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 30, wherein the first RF signal is different from the second RF signal.
 33. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 30, further comprising a spacer between the first RF element and the second RF element that separates the first RF element and the second RF element.
 34. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 33, further comprising a light ingress portion within the spacer that allows light to travel through the spacer to the NV center diamond.
 35. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 34, wherein the first circuit board further comprises a first light egress portion that allows light to travel through the first circuit board including the first RF element via the first light egress portion.
 36. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 35, further comprising: a first photo sensing assembly that receives light from the NV center diamond via the first light egress portion; and a second photo sensing assembly that receives light from the NV center diamond via a second light egress portion.
 37. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 30, further comprising a photo sensor that receives the light that egresses from the light egress portion.
 38. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 30, wherein the first RF signal is the same as the second RF signal.
 39. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 30, wherein the first RF signal is different from the second RF signal.
 40. A magnetic field sensor assembly comprising: a first radio frequency (RF) element; a second RF element; a first RF feed cable operably connected to the first RF element that provides a first RF signal to the first RF element; a second RF feed cable operably connected to the second RF element that provides a second RF signal to the second RF element; a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center diamond located between the first RF element and the second RF element, wherein the first RF element and the second RF element generate a microwave signal that is uniform over the NV center diamond; a housing that houses the NV center diamond, the first RF element, and the second RF element; and a housing rotational adjustment that adjusts a rotation of the NV center diamond relative to a light source; a first circuit board that includes the first RF element, wherein the first circuit board comprises a light ingress portion that allows light to travel through the first circuit board including the first RF element via the light ingress portion; and a second circuit board that includes the second RF element, wherein the second circuit board comprises a light egress portion that allows light to travel through the second circuit board including the second RF element via the light egress portion.
 41. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 40, wherein the first RF signal is the same as the second RF signal.
 42. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 40, wherein the first RF signal is different from the second RF signal.
 43. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 40, further comprising a spacer between the first RF element and the second RF element that separates the first RF element and the second RF element.
 44. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 43, further comprising a light ingress portion within the spacer that allows light to travel through the spacer to the NV center diamond.
 45. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 44, wherein the first circuit board comprises a first light egress portion that allows light to travel through the first circuit board including the first RF element via the first light egress portion.
 46. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 45, further comprising: a first photo sensing assembly that receives light from the NV center diamond via the first light egress portion; and a second photo sensing assembly that receives light from the NV center diamond via a second light egress portion.
 47. The magnetic field sensor assembly of claim 40, further comprising a photo sensor that receives the light that egresses from the light egress portion. 